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1.
Rev Chil Anest ; 50(4): 576-581, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1526286

ABSTRACT

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol/remifentanil appears in the literatura as a good option for neurosurgical patients who have increased intracranial pressure (ICP),risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), need for neuromonitoring, and in those with impaired brain self-regulation. On the other hand, in patients with normal neurological status, normal ICP, a technique with volatile (halogenated) agents plus an opiiid can be used. This review describes two anesthetic techniques available for use in neurosurgery, highlighting the neurophysiological changes, advantages and disadvantages of each technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD: PubMed search engine was used for bibliographic search. DISCUSSION: The search for an ideal anesthetic in neurosurgery is still a matter of debate. There are numerous investigations aimed at finding an optimal agent that ensure the coupling between cerebral flow (CBF) and metabolism, keeping self-regulation intact without increasing the CBF and intracerebral pressure (ICP). CONCLUSIONS: Both anesthetic techniques, TIVA and volatile agents (halogenated), can be used in neurosurgical procedures and should provide neuroprotection, brain relaxation and a rapid awakening.


La anestesia total endovenosa (TIVA) con propofol/remifentanilo aparece en la literatura como una buena opción para pacientes neuroquirúrgicos que tienen aumento de la presión intracraneana (PIC), riesgo de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios (NVPO), necesidad de neuromonitoreo, y en aquellos con alteración de la autorregulación cerebral. Por otra parte, en pacientes con estado neurológico normal, PIC normal puede usarse una técnica con agentes volátiles (halogenados) más un opioide. Esta revisión describe dos técnicas anestésicas disponibles para su uso en neurocirugía, destaca los cambios neurofisiológicos, ventajas y desventajas de cada técnica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Para búsqueda bibliográfica se usó buscador PubMed. DISCUSIÓN: La búsqueda de un anestésico ideal en neurocirugía sigue siendo tema de debate. Existen numerosas investigaciones destinadas a buscar un agente óptimo que asegure el acoplamiento entre flujo sanguíneo cerebral (FSC) y metabolismo, manteniendo la autorregulación intacta sin aumentar el FSC y presión intracerebral (PIC). CONCLUSIONES: Ambas técnicas anestésicas, TIVA y agentes volátiles (halogenados), pueden ser usadas en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos y deben brindar neuroprotección, relajación cerebral y un despertar rápido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Anesthetics, Intravenous/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/chemically induced , Neuroprotection , Nervous System/drug effects
2.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 18(1): e489, ene.-abr. 2019. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1093094

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Una serie de breves períodos de isquemias a distancia, previo al evento isquémico mayor, pueden limitar el daño miocárdico producido por la isquemia/reperfusión. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del condicionamiento isquémico a distancia, en pacientes programados para procedimientos quirúrgicos de revascularización coronaria. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, explicativo, comparativo con control histórico, en dos grupos de 247 pacientes, propuestos para revascularización coronaria. Se colocó un torniquete en el brazo derecho, en el grupo estudio, alternando 3 insuflaciones con 3 desinsuflaciones con una presión de 200 mmHg, manteniéndola 5 min cada una. Este proceder se realizó previo, durante y después del evento isquémico mayor, provocado por el pinzamiento de la arteria coronaria. Resultados: Se logró una disminución significativa de los parámetros enzimáticos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) según un conjunto de variables que representan el estado inicial de los pacientes(AU)


Introduction: A series of short periods of distant ischemia, prior to the major ischemic event, can limit the myocardial damage produced by ischemia or reperfusion. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of remote ischemic conditioning in patients scheduled for surgical procedures of coronary revascularization. Methods: A quasi-experimental, explanatory, comparative study with historical control was conducted in two groups of 247 patients proposed for coronary revascularization. A tourniquet was placed in the right arm in the study group, alternating 3 insufflations with 3 dessufflations with a pressure of 200 mmHg, keeping each for 5 minutes. This procedure was performed before, during and after the major ischemic event, caused by the impingement of the coronary artery. Results: A significant decrease in enzymatic parameters was achieved. No significant differences were found (p>0.05) according to a set of variables that represent the initial state of the patients(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Surgical Procedures, Operative/ethics , Ischemic Preconditioning/methods , Myocardial Revascularization/methods , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods
3.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 17(2): 1-3, mayo.-ago. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-991021
4.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 41(3): 466-472, May-June 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755882

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACTObjectives:

To compare the effects of CO2 insufflation on hemodynamics and oxygen levels and on acid-base level during Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP) with transperitoneal (TP) versus extra-peritoneal (EP) accesses.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty-two patients were randomly assigned to TP (32) and EP (30) to RARP. Pre-operation data were collected for all patients. Hemodynamic, respiratory and blood acid-base parameters were measured at the moment of induction of anesthesia (T0), after starting CO2 insuffation (T1), and at 60 (T2) and 120 minutes (T3) after insufflation. In all cases, the abdominal pressure was set at 15 mmHg. Complications were reported according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Student's two–t-test, with a significance level set at p<0.05, was used to compare categorical values between groups. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the median values of two nonparametric continuous variables.

Results:

The demographic characteristics of the patients in both groups were statistically comparable. Analysis of intra-operative anesthesiologic parameters showed that partial CO2 pressure during EP was significantly higher than during TP, with a consequent decrease in arterial pH. Other parameters analysed were similar in the two groups. Postoperative complications were comparable between groups. The most important limitations of this study were the small size of the patient groups and the impossibility of maintaining standard abdominal pressure throughout the operational phases, despite attempts to regulate it.

Conclusions:

This prospective randomized study demonstrates that, from the anesthesiologic viewpoint, during RARP the TP approach is preferable to EP, because of lower CO2 reabsorption and risk of acidosis.

.


Subject(s)
Aged , Animals , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Prostatectomy/methods , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods , Neoplasm Grading , Operative Time , Prospective Studies , Peritoneum/surgery , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
5.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 62(3): 350-355, maio-jun. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-626511

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso dos anestésicos inalatórios em cirurgia cardíaca não é recente. Desde a introdução do halotano na prática clínica, vários centros de cirurgia cardíaca passaram a fazer uso rotineiro destes anestésicos. CONTEÚDO: Nos últimos anos, um grande número de estudos vem demonstrando que os anestésicos inalatórios exercem um efeito protetor contra a disfunção isquêmica miocárdica. Evidências experimentais têm indicado que os halogenados apresentam efeitos cardioprotetores que não são explicados apenas por alterações de fluxo coronariano ou pelo balanço entre a oferta e o consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. Aliado a este fato, o uso de anestésicos inalatórios durante a circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em cirurgia cardíaca tem um papel importante. O principal fato se deve às recentes pesquisas que confirmam as propriedades cardioprotetoras destes agentes, com melhores resultados quando se utiliza o anestésico inalatório durante todo o procedimento cirúrgico, inclusive durante a CEC. O uso destes agentes através de vaporizadores calibrados adaptados ao circuito da CEC por meio das membranas dos oxigenadores tem o seu uso cada vez mais frequente, fazendo com que os profissionais envolvidos, como anestesiologistas e perfusionistas, necessitem adquirir certos conhecimentos para elucidar possíveis dúvidas que possam surgir.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of volatile anesthetics in cardiac surgery is not recent. Since the introduction of halothane in clinical practice, several cardiac surgery centers started to use these anesthetics constantly. CONTENT: In the last years a great number of studies haveshown that the volatile anesthetics have a protecting effect against myocardial ischemic dysfunction. Experimental evidences have shown that the halogenated anesthetics have cardioprotective effects that cannot be only explained by coronary flow alterations or by the balance between myocardium available and consumed oxygen. In addition to that, the use of volatile anesthetics during extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in cardiac surgery plays an important role. Recent studies have proven that these agents have cardioprotective properties and produce better results when the volatile anesthetic is used during the whole surgery procedure, including ECC. The use of halogenated anesthetics through calibrated vaporizers adapted to the ECC circuit via oxygenator membranes has become popular. Therefore, the professionals involved such as anesthesiologists and perfusionists should learn specifcs in order to solve possible doubts.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de los anestésicos inhalatorios en cirugía cardíaca no es algo reciente. Desde la introducción del halotano en la práctica clínica, varios centros de cirugía cardíaca han pasado a hacer uso de rutina de esos anestésicos. CONTENIDO: En los últimos años, un gran número de estudios ha venido demostrando que los anestésicos inhalatorios ejercen un efecto protector contra la disfunción isquémica miocárdica. Las evidencias experimentales han indicado que los halogenados presentan efectos cardioprotectores que no son explicados solamente por las alteraciones de flujo coronario o por el balance entre la oferta y el consumo de oxígeno por el miocardio. Junto con ese hecho, el uso de anestésicos inhalatorios durante la circulación extracorpórea (CEC) en cirugía cardíaca tiene un papel importante. El principal hecho se debe a las recientes investigaciones que confirman las propiedades cardioprotectoras de esos agentes, con mejores resultados cuando se utiliza el anestésico inhalatorio durante todo el procedimiento quirúrgico, inclusive durante la CEC. El uso de esos agentes a través de vaporizadores calibrados adaptados al circuito de la CEC por medio de las membranas de los oxigenadores, tiene un uso cada vez más frecuente, haciendo con que los profesionales involucrados, como los anestesiólogos y los perfusionistas, necesiten adquirir ciertos conocimientos para clarificar posibles dudas que puedan surgir.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthetics, Inhalation , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Extracorporeal Circulation , Anesthesia, Inhalation/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Ischemic Postconditioning , Ischemic Preconditioning , Volatilization
6.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 69(1): 105-108, jul.-sept. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-649157

ABSTRACT

La mucopolisacaridosis (MPS) es un trastorno hereditario degenerativo progresivo, causado por la acumulación excesiva intralisosomal de glicoaminoglicanos en diversos tejidos. Estos cúmulos producen hipertrofia celular, produciendo alteración de las funciones y de la estructura de los tejidos involucrados. El síndrome de Hurler es un tipo de MPS caracterizado por una vía aérea difícil, considerándose la vía aérea más dificil de la anestesia pediátrica. Además pueden presentar retraso mental progresivo y miocardiopatías. Presentamos un caso de un niño de 4 años de edad diagnosticado de síndrome de Hurler sometido a anestesia general para la colocación de un reservorio en yugular interna derecha. Discutimos manejo anestésico de estos pacientes.


Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a hereditary progressively degenerative disease caused by excessive intralysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in various tissues. This accumulation causes cellular hypertrophy, altering functions and the structure of the tissues involved. Hurler syndrome is a type of MPS, characterized by a difficult respiratory tract, considered the most problematic one for pediatric anesthesia; it may also present progressive mental retard and myocardiopathies. We describe a case of a 4-year-old child diagnosed with Hurler syndrome who underwent general anesthesia for placement of a reservoir in his right internal jugular vein. We analyzed the anesthetic handling of these patients.


A mucopolissacaridose (MPS) é uma doença hereditária degenerativa progressiva causada pelo acúmulo intralisossomal excessivo de glicoaminoglicanos em diversos tecidos. Esse acúmulo produz hipertrofia celular, que por sua vez altera as funções e estrutura dos tecidos envolvidos. O síndrome de Hurler é um tipo de MPS caracterizado por uma via aérea difícil, considerada a mais problemática para a anestesia pediátrica, que também pode apresentar retardo mental progressivo e miocardiopatias. Descrevemos o caso de um criança de 4 anos de idade, diagnosticada de síndrome de Hurler e submetida a anestesia geral para a colocação de um dispositivo reservatório na jugular interna direita. Analisamos o manejo anestésico destes pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Anesthesia, General/methods , Mucopolysaccharidosis I/surgery , Airway Obstruction/complications , Anesthesia, Inhalation/instrumentation , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Inhalation/standards , Laryngeal Masks , Pediatrics
7.
SJA-Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011; 5 (1): 82-84
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-112975

ABSTRACT

An 11 -month-old male child weighing 8 kg was brought to the plastic surgery out-patient department by his parents with chief complaints of sudden increase in size of a swelling over the upper lip and difficulty in feeding for the last 7 days. It was diagnosed as a case of hemangioma of the upper lip. All the routine and special investigations including coagulation profile of the child were normal. The child was planned for ablation of feeding vessels along with intralesional steroid injection. Airway management of the child posed the challenge for us as the size and site of the lesion carried the risk of difficult intubation and possible risk of extensive hemorrhage. All the requisite equipment for difficult airway management was made ready. We were able to intubate the child with miller number-2 blade from the left angle of mouth without putting much pressure on the swelling. The surgical and postoperative period was uneventful and the child was discharged the next day to be followed up after 2 weeks


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Airway Obstruction/prevention & control , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Intraoperative Care/methods , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Laryngoscopy , Hemangioma/congenital , Postoperative Hemorrhage/prevention & control
8.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 68(2): 167-173, mayo-ago. 2010. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648965

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La anestesia fuera del quirófano crece constantemente, sobre todo en odontopediatria. Objetivo: Lograr una técnica anestésica segura en el consultorio del odontólogo, con participación activa de los padres y en forma ambulatoria. Material y método: Trabajo descriptivo sobre 50 pacientes ASA I y II de ambos sexos, con edades entre los 4 y los 15 años. Se realizó inducción inhalatoria con sevofluorano combinado con midazolam más fentanilo. Se mantuvo la ventilación espontánea con bigotera o máscara nasal. Resultados: Se lograron cortos tiempos de inducción y despertar, y estabilidad hemodinámica y respiratoria; los criterios de alta fueron adecuados y no se presentaron complicaciones de importancia. Discusión: Son requisitos indispensables el cuidado estricto de la vía aérea, las indicaciones precisas, el manejo interdisciplinario y los equipos y medicamentos de reanimación cardiopulmonar. Conclusión: La técnica anestésica utilizada fue segura y sin complicaciones; permitió realizar el 100 por ciento de los procedimientos, demostrando ser una alternativa válida y viable.


Introduction: Anesthesia outside the operating room is constantly becoming more frequent, particularly in pediatric dentistry. Objective: To achieve a safe anesthesia technique in the dentist’s office in ambulatory form with the active participation of the parents. Material and method: Descriptive paper regarding 50 ASA I y II patients of both sexes, aged between 4 and 15 years. Induction by inhalation was carried out with sevofluorane combined with midazolam plus fentanyl. Spontaneous ventilation with nasal cannula or mask. Results: Short induction and awakening times were achieved, as well as hemodynamic and respiratory stability; release criteria were adequate and no important complications appeared. Discussion: Indispensable requisites are: strict care of the airway, precise indications, interdisciplinary management and CPR teams and drugs. Conclusion: The anesthesia technique used was safe and without complications; it allowed carrying out 100 percent of the procedures and proved to be a valid and viable option.


Introdução: A anestesia fora da sala de cirurgia cresce de forma constante, principalmente em odontopediatria. Objetivo: Desenvolver uma técnica anestésica segura no consultório do odontologista, com a participação ativa dos pais da criança e de forma ambulatorial. Material e método: Trabalho descritivo sobre 50 pacientes ASA I e II de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 4 e 15 anos. Foi realizada indução inalatória com sevofluorano combinado com midazolam mais fentanilo. Manteve-se a ventilação espontânea utilizando bigodeira ou máscara nasal. Resultados: Foram conseguidos tempos curtos de indução e de acordar, e estabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória; os critérios de alta foram adequados e não se apresentaram complicações importantes. Discussão: São requisitos essenciais o cuidado rigoroso da via aérea, as indicações precisas, o manejo interdisciplinar e o equipamento e os medicamentos de reanimação cardiopulmonar. Conclusão: A técnica anestésica utilizada é segura e livre de complicações; possibilitou realizar todos os procedimentos, provando ser uma alternativa válida e viável.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Child , Anesthesia, Dental/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Pediatric Dentistry , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Preoperative Care , Pulmonary Ventilation , Propofol/administration & dosage , Small Doses
9.
Ann Card Anaesth ; 2010 May; 13(2): 116-122
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-139512

ABSTRACT

Background: Volatile anesthetics provide myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. Sevoflurane and desflurane are both efficient agents that allow immediate extubation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG). This study compared the incidence of arrhythmias after OPCABG with the two agents. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing OPCABG with immediate extubation and perioperative high thoracic analgesia were included in this controlled, double-blind study; anesthesia was either provided using 1 MAC of sevoflurane (SEVO-group) or desflurane (DES-group). Monitoring of perioperative arrhythmias was provided by continuous monitoring of the EKG up to 72 hours after surgery, and routine EKG monitoring once every day, until time of discharge. Patient data, perioperative arrhythmias, and myocardial protection (troponin I, CK, CK-MB-ratio, and transesophageal echocardiography examinations) were compared using t-test, Fisher's exact test or two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements; P < 0.05. Results: Patient data and surgery-related data were similar between the two groups; all the patients were successfully extubated immediately after surgery, with similar emergence times. Supraventricular tachycardia occurred only in the DES-group (5 of 20 patients), atrial fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the DES group versus SEVO-group, at five out of 20 versus one out of 20 patients, respectively. Myocardial protection was equally achieved in both groups. Discussion: Ultra-fast track anesthesia using sevoflurane seems more advantageous than desflurane for anesthesia, for OPCABG, as it is associated with significantly less atrial fibrillation or supraventricular arrhythmias after surgery.


Subject(s)
Aged , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump , Creatine Kinase, MB Form/blood , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Incidence , Isoflurane/adverse effects , Isoflurane/analogs & derivatives , Male , Methyl Ethers/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Peak Expiratory Flow Rate/drug effects , Pilot Projects , Tachycardia, Supraventricular/chemically induced , Tachycardia, Supraventricular/prevention & control , Treatment Outcome , Troponin I/blood
10.
Anest. analg. reanim ; 22(2): 4-11, dic. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588066

ABSTRACT

El desarrollo tecnológico permitió incorporar a los ventiladores de las nuevas máquinas de anestesia la posibilidad de brindar presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP) electrónica junto con modos ventilatorios, así como curvas de presión /volumen y flujo/ volumen. El objetivo del estudio fue encontrar el valor de PEEP de cada uno de los pacientes, buscando aquel que se acompañara del aumento más significativo de la compliance pulmonar estática. Se analizaron 20 pacientes con una edad promedio de 66, peso promedio de 77 kg, sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea. Se utilizó un patrón ventilatorio con ventilación controlada por volumen, con una onda de flujo inspiratorio cuadrada y una pausa inspiratoria del 30%; con un volumen corriente de 7 ml/kg de peso; FiO2 de 0.6; y una relación inspiración/espiración 1:2. Se realizaron maniobras manuales de reclutamiento pulmonar seriadas y, luego de cinco minutos de una ventilación sin PEEP con un flujo de gas fresco de 2 l/min, se procedió a medir en ese momento la compliance estática, el valor de presión de vía aérea en el punto de inflexión y en el punto de máxima curvatura de la parte inspiratoria y espiratoria de la curva de presión/volumen respectivamente...


The technological development has allowed us to incorporated electronic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to the new anesthesia machines, as well as different ventilation modes and curves of pressure/volume and flow/volume. The aim of this study was to find the best value of PEEP of each patient, that determined the most significative increase of the pulmonary static compliance. 20 patients were analyzed, 66 years old average and 77 kg of weight, scheduled for cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The ventilatory pattern used was : controlled ventilation with a square wave of inspiratory flow, inspiratory pause of 30%, tidal volume of 7 ml/kg, inspired fraction of oxygen of 0.6 and inspiration/espiration relation: 1:2. Serial manual maneuvers of recruitment were done, and after 5 minutes with a fresh gas flow of 2 l/min the following observations and calculations were made: static pulmonary compliance, airway pressure at the point of flexion and at the point of maximum curvature of the inspiratory and espiratory part of the curve pressure/ volume respectively...


O desenvolvimento tecnológico tem permitido incorporar aos ventiladores dos novos equipamentos de anestesia a possibilidade de usar PEEP eletrônica junto com modos ventilatórios e análise das curvas de pressão-volume e fluxo-volume. Nosso objetivo foi encontrar o melhor valor de PEEP de cada um des pacientes, buscando aquele valor de PEEP que se acompanhe do aumento mais significativo da complacência pulmonar estática. Foram analisados 20 pacientes com idade média de 66 anos, peso médio de 77 quilos, submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extra-corpórea. Naqueles em que se utiliza um padrão ventilatório em ventilação controlada por volume, com uma onda de fluxo inspiratório quadrada e uma pausa inspiratória de 30%, com um volume corrente de 7ml/kg de peso, FiO2 =0,6, relação inspiração/expiração 1:2.Com a utilização de manobras manuais de recrutamento pulmonar seriadas, aos quais logo após 5 min de uma ventilação sem PEEP com um fluxo de gáz fresco de 2l/min, comessa-se a medir nesse momento a complacência estática, o valor de pressao de via aérea no ponto de inflexão e no ponto de máxima curvatura da parte inspiratória e expiratória da curva de pressão/volume respectivamente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Ventilators, Mechanical
11.
Rev. chil. anest ; 38(1): 15-23, mar. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-549147

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si los suspiros manuales o automáticos de la máquina de anestesia reducen las alteraciones del intercambio gaseoso durante la anestesia para neurocirugía prolongada. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, randomizado, de 27 pacientes neuroquirúrgicos, operados con anestesia general y ventilación controlada, con fracción inspirada de oxígeno (FIO2) de 1, sin presiónpositiva de final de espiración (PEEP). Los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente asignados a 3 grupos: Grupo control (C): volumen corriente (VC) 10 ml/kg y frecuencia respiratoria (FR) 10/min; Grupo SM: VC y FR igual, más 3 insufl aciones manuales horarias, y Grupo SA: igual VC y FR, con suspiro automático de la máquina de anestesia. Se realizaron gasometrías arteriales basales, a los 30, 120, 240 y 360 minutos de la intubación traqueal, y a las 2 horas del ingreso a Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica (SRPA). Resultados: Se calcularon los siguientes índices: presión arterial de oxígeno/fracción inspirada de oxígeno (PaFIO2), presión arterial/presión alveolar de oxígeno (PaO2/PAO2), y diferencia alvéolo – arterial de oxígeno(DA-a O2). El PaFIO2 no tuvo modificaciones significativas, mientras que el índice PaO2/PAO2 tuvo un descenso y la DA-a O2 un aumento significativo (p < 0,05) con respecto a los valores basales durante la anestesia, con recuperación parcial en SRPA. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los 3 grupos estudiados. Conclusiones: Durante la anestesia prolongada con ventilación mecánica controlada con FIO2 1 se produjeron alteraciones del intercambio gaseoso que no disminuyeron mediante la administración de suspiros manuales ni automáticos de la máquina de anestesia.


The objective of this study was to determine if manual or automatic anesthesia machine sights can reduce gas exchange alterations during prolonged neurosurgery under general anesthesia. Methodology: We made a prospective, randomized, controlled research on 27 neurosurgical patients, who had been operated under general anesthesia, and controlled mechanical ventilation with fraction of inspired oxygen of 1 (FIO2), without positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Patients were randomized into 3 groups; Group C: tidal volume (VT) 10 ml/kg, and respiratory frequency (RF) of 10/min; Group SM: same VT and RF, plus 3 manual inflations per hour; and Group SA: same VT and RF, with automatic sigh of anesthesia machine. Basal arterial blood gases were determined; 30, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after tracheal intubation, and 2hours after arriving to the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). Results: The following ratios were calculated: arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaFIO2), arterial oxygen pressure/alveolar oxygen pressure (PaO2/PAO2), and the difference between alveolar oxygen pressure - arterial oxygen pressure (DAaO2). The PaFIO2 did not have significant modifications, while the PaO2/PAO2 index had a reduction and the DA-aO2 had a significant increase (p < 0,05) with respect to the basal values during anesthesia, with partial recovery in PACU. We didn’t found differences between the three groups studied. Conclusions: During prolonged anesthesia with controlled mechanical ventilation with FIO2 1 gas exchange alterations took place, and they were not modified by the administration of manual inflations or automatic sighs of the anesthesia machine.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Neurosurgery , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/instrumentation , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Oxygen/blood , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Mechanics , Tidal Volume , Time Factors
12.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 28(11): 555-560, nov. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-506665

ABSTRACT

Laparoscopy is not widely used as a tool to perform assisted reproduction techniques in South American cervids; thus, scarce information in literature is available regarding its effects and appropriate anesthetic protocols to perform it. This study evaluated the effect of laparoscopy on heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2) and rectal temperature (RT) of six female brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) anesthetized with ketamine (5mg/kg), xylazine (0.3mg/kg), midazolam (0.5mg/kg) combination i.v. and isoflurane. Twelve laparoscopies were performed and each animal was used twice with a 40-day interval. After anesthetized, the animals were placed in dorsal recumbency to perform laparoscopy procedure using abdominal CO2 insufflations (14.2 ± 2.39mmHg; M ± SE). The main events of the laparoscopy procedure were divided into three periods: animal without (P1) and with abdominal insufflation (P2) and abdominal insufflation with the hips raised at 45º (P3). As a control, the animals were anesthetized again 40 days after the last laparoscopy, and were maintained in a dorsal recumbency for the same average duration of the previous anesthesia and no laparoscopy procedure was conducted. The period of anesthesia for the controls was also divided into P1, P2, and P3 considering the average duration of these periods in previous laparoscopies performed. Data were analyzed through the (ANOVA) variance analysis followed by Tukey test and values at P<0.05 were considered significant. No significant differences were observed in the parameters evaluated at P1, P2 and P3 between the animals submitted to laparoscopy and control. However, the RR mean between P1 (38.8 ± 4.42) and P3 (32.7 ± 4.81); and the RT mean between the P1 (38.2ºC ± 0.17), P2 (37.6ºC ± 0.19) and P3 (37.0ºC ± 0.21) varied significantly, independent of the laparoscopy. These data indicated that laparoscopy didn't cause any significant alterations in the...


A laparoscopia ainda é pouco utilizada como ferramenta para técnicas de reprodução assistida em cervídeos sul-americanos, não havendo informações sobre seus efeitos e protocolos anestésicos seguros para sua realização. Objetivaramse avaliar as possíveis alterações na freqüência cardíaca (FC), respiratória (FR), saturação de oxihemoglobina (SpO2) e temperatura retal (TR) durante a laparoscopia para visualização dos órgãos reprodutivos de seis fêmeas de veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) anestesiadas com a associação cetamina (5mg/kg), xilazina (0,3mg/kg), midazolam (0,5mg/kg) e isofluorano. Cada animal, após anestesiado, foi posicionado em decúbito dorsal para realização de duas laparoscopias com insuflação abdominal de CO2 (14,2 ± 2,39mmHg; M ± EPM) com intervalo de 40 dias. Para avaliar os principais eventos da laparoscopia, esta foi dividida em três períodos: animal sem insuflação abdominal (P1), com insuflação abdominal (P2) e insuflação abdominal com os quadris elevados a 45º (P3). O controle foi realizado após 40 dias da última laparoscopia, para isto, cada animal foi novamente anestesiado e mantido em decúbito dorsal por um período de tempo igual ao tempo médio de duração das anestesias realizadas nas laparoscopias, sem que o procedimento laparoscópico fosse realizado. O tempo de anestesia dos controles foi também dividido em P1, P2 e P3, respeitando o tempo médio de duração de cada um destes períodos das laparoscopias. Para análise dos dados foi usado o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) seguido do teste de Tukey e valores de P<0,05 considerados significativos. Não houve diferença significativa nos parâmetros estudados em nenhum dos períodos estabelecidos para o controle e laparoscopia. Porém, a FR média entre P1 (38,8 ± 4,42) e P3 (32,7 ± 4,81) e a TR média entre P1 (38,2ºC ± 0,17), P2 (37,6ºC ± 0,19) e P3 (37,0ºC ± 0,21) variaram significativamente, independente da laparoscopia. Tais dados permitiram concluir que a laparoscopia...


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Deer , Heart Rate , Laparoscopy/adverse effects , Respiratory System
13.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 57(3): 237-246, maio-jun. 2007. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-450506

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A indução com agentes inalatórios via máscara facial vem sendo alvo de crescente interesse desde a introdução do sevoflurano. Ao mesmo tempo a influência da adição de óxido nitroso merece atenção no que diz respeito ao padrão da indução e da recuperação, sobretudo, à completa recuperação da função cognitiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos cognitivos da indução anestésica inalatória com sevoflurano de modo isolado ou associado ao óxido nitroso em adultos. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 20 voluntários adultos, estado físico ASA I, sem doença psiquiátrica ou utilização prévia de benzodiazepínicos. Após terem sido submetidos ao questionário Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), o Grupo I recebeu sevoflurano na concentração de 5 por cento até que fosse atingido o índice bispectral (BIS) de 60. O Grupo II recebeu óxido nitroso em concentrações crescentes com incremento de 10 até 50 por cento quando então foi administrado o sevoflurano até que fosse atingido o BIS de 60. Foram anotados valores de pressão arterial, freqüência cardíaca, oximetria de pulso, SEF 95 por cento (Spectral Edge Frequency), tempo de indução e o tempo de recuperação anestésica. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre o tempo de indução nos dois grupos. O Grupo II apresentou maior estabilidade hemodinâmica e menor valor do SEF 95 por cento no momento BIS = 60. O tempo para recuperação da função cognitiva foi igual nos dois grupos, assim como a incidência de náuseas e vômitos. Não foi verificada ocorrência de apnéia. O Grupo II apresentou maior incidência de agitação psicomotora durante a indução. CONCLUSÕES: O sevoflurano isoladamente ou em associação com óxido nitroso constituiu opção adequada para indução inalatória ou sedação ambulatorial em adultos, com manutenção da ventilação espontânea, proporcionando rápida recuperação da função cognitiva.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthetic induction with inhalational agents using a facemask has gained attention since the introduction of sevoflurane. At the same time, the influence of adding nitrous oxide on the pattern of induction and recuperation deserves attention, especially regarding recovery of the cognitive function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cognitive effects of inhalational anesthetic induction with sevoflurane alone or associated with nitrous oxide in adults. METHODS: Twenty adult volunteers, ASA physical state I, without a history of psychiatric disorders or prior use of benzodiazepines, were enrolled in the study. After answering the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Group I received 5 percent sevoflurane until a bispectral index (BIS) of 60 was achieved. Group II received nitrous oxide in increments of 10 percent until it achieved 50 percent followed by the administration of sevoflurane until a BIS of 60 was achieved. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oxymetry, SEF 95 percent (Spectral Edge Frequency), induction time, and anesthetic recovery time were evaluated. RESULTS: Time of induction showed no differences between both groups. Group II showed greater hemodynamic stability and smaller SEF 95 percent values when BIS achieved 60. The time for recovery of cognitive function was similar in both groups, as well as the incidence of nausea and vomiting. There were no cases of apnea. Group II demonstrated greater incidence of psychomotor agitation during induction. CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane alone or in association with nitrous oxide is an adequate option for inhalational anesthetic induction or outpatient sedation in adults, maintaining spontaneous ventilation, and providing a fast recuperation of the cognitive function.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La inducción con agentes inhalatorios vía máscara facial ha venido siendo objeto de un creciente interés desde la introducción del sevoflurano. Al mismo tiempo el influjo de la adición de óxido nitroso merece gran atención en lo que se refiere al estándar de la inducción y de la recuperación, sobre todo, a la completa recuperación de la función cognitiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de evaluar los efectos cognitivos de la inducción anestésica inhalatoria con sevoflurano de modo aislado o asociado al óxido nitroso en adultos. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 20 voluntarios adultos, estado físico ASA I, sin enfermedades psiquiátricas o previa utilización de benzodiazepínicos. Después de haber sido sometidos al cuestionario Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MEEM), el Grupo I recibió sevoflurano en la concentración de 5 por ciento hasta que fuese alcanzado el índice bispectral (BIS) de 60. El Grupo II recibió óxido nitroso en concentraciones crecientes con incremento de 10 por ciento hasta 50 por ciento cuando se le administró entonces el sevoflurano hasta que fuese alcanzado el BIS de 60. Fueron anotados valores de presión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, oximetría de pulso, SEF 95 por ciento (Spectral Edge Frequency), tiempo de inducción y el tiempo de recuperación anestésica. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia entre el tiempo de inducción en los dos grupos. El Grupo II presentó una estabilidad hemodinámica mayor y un menor valor del SEF 95 por ciento al momento del BIS = 60. El tiempo para la recuperación de la función cognitiva fue igual en los dos grupos, como también lo fue la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos. No se verificó la incidencia de apnea. El Grupo II presentó mayor incidencia de agitación psicomotora durante la inducción. CONCLUSIONES: El sevoflurano aisladamente o en asociación con el óxido nitroso constituyó la opción adecuada para la inducción inhalatoria o la sedación ambulatorial en adultos, con el mantenimiento...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthetics, Inhalation/therapeutic use , Nitrous Oxide/therapeutic use
14.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 59(1): 134-139, fev. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-456426

ABSTRACT

Estudaram-se os efeitos do sevofluorano sobre a freqüência cardíaca nos fetos de cadelas no terço final de gestação, mediante a mensuração da freqüência cardíaca fetal com a utilização do ultra-som. Nove cadelas, sem raça definida, entre um e cinco anos de idade, com aproximadamente 45 dias de gestação, foram anestesiadas com acepromazina (0,05mg/kg, IV), propofol (5mg/kg, IV) e sevofluorano. O monitoramento da freqüência cardíaca fetal foi realizado antes da medicação pré-anestésica (M0), 15 minutos após a intubação traqueal (M1), aos 30 minutos (M2) e 60 minutos (M3) do período de manutenção anestésica. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), média (PAM) e diastólica (PAD) foram obtidas pelo método não invasivo, sendo a PAM avaliada também pelo método invasivo. Por meio do monitoramento da freqüência cardíaca fetal média não se observou diferença significativa entre M0, M1 e M2, e verificou-se elevação apenas aos 60 minutos da manutenção anestésica (M3) em relação ao M0, porém sem significado clínico. O protocolo anestésico provocou diminuição significativa da pressão sangüínea arterial materna sem alterar, porém a freqüência cardíaca dos fetos.


The effect of sevoflurane on fetal heart rate of 45-day fetuses was investigated through monitoring fetal heart rate by ultrasonographic evaluation in nine adult bitches aging from 1 to 5-year-old. After sedation with acepromazine (0.05mg/kg, IV), the anesthetic induction was accomplished using propofol (5mg/kg, IV) and the maintenance was kept with sevoflurane. The fetal heart rate was measured before sedation (M0), 15 minutes after endotracheal intubation (M1), at 30 (M2) and 60 minutes (M3) from the beginning of general anesthesia. The systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were obtained by indirect techniques, while mean blood pressure were also obtained by direct technique. The measure of fetal heart rate did not show any difference between M0, M1 and M2, but there was a remarkable increase in the last moment of the study (M3) comparing to M0, however without clinical relevance. The anesthetic protocol employing acepromazine, propofol and sevoflurane in 45-day pregnancy bitches decreased their arterial blood pressure without affecting the fetal heart rate.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Acepromazine/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Epidural/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/adverse effects , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Dogs , Heart Rate, Fetal , Pregnancy , Propofol/administration & dosage
15.
Medical Journal of Cairo University [The]. 2006; 74 (2 Supp. II): 77-83
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-79232

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to compare the effects of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus propofol-fentanyl anesthesia on cerebral hemodynamics and subdural intracranial pressure in children undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors. Forty children, 3-8 years old, with supratentorial tumors resulting in midline shift of 5-10 mm were included in this prospective study. They were randomized into two equal groups. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and atracurium in both groups. In group S anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane [1-1.5 MAC] in oxygen, while in group p anesthesia was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion of propofol. Jugular venous bulb blood samples were obtained from a catheter introduced retrogradely into the right internal jugular vein. Intracranial pressure [ICP] was measured through a cannula inserted subdurally and connected via a fluid-filled tubing system to a pressure transducer. Cerebral perfusion pressure [CPP] and arterial- to-jugular venous oxygen difference [AJDO[2]] were calculated. The surgeon manually assessed dural tension prior to dural incision and also assessed the degree of brain swelling after dural incision. Observations were made during normocapnia and moderate hyperventilation. Anesthetic maintenance with propofol-fentanyl resulted in a significantly higher mean arterial pressure [MAP], significantly lower ICP, and significantly higher CPP [p<0.05 for all] compared to sevoflurane-fentanyl. On the other hand, jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation [SjvO[2]] was significantly higher and AJDO[2]] significantly lower in the group S [p<0.05]. Surgeon's assessment of dural tension and brain swelling was significantly more favorable in the group P [p<0.05]. The incidence of probable cerebral hypoperfusion or ischemia tended to be higher in group P but with no significant difference relative to group S. Propofol-fentanyl anesthesia seems to have more favorable effects on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure than sevoflurane fentanyl anesthesia in children undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors, with no significant side effects on brain oxygenation


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Propofol , Fentanyl , Intracranial Pressure , Heterotrophic Processes , Child , Prospective Studies
16.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 63(5): 259-265, sept.-oct. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-426249

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La inducción anestésica inhalatoria en pediatría suele complicarse cuando el niño pequeño se resiste a que se le aplique la máscara convencional. Esto genera situaciones de estrés adicional que predisponen negativamente al paciente a cooperar en el proceso de inducción: Objetivo: Evaluar un nuevo método para facilitar la inducción en niños que consiste en una técnica de juego previo con el empleo de un sistema de snorkel similar al utilizado en la práctica de este deporte. Lugar de aplicación: Servicios de anestesiología pediátrica en un hospital pediátrico público y en otro privado. Diseño: Ensayo prospectivo, aleatorio, controlado, con dos grupos paralelos. Población: Niños de tres hasta ocho años (ASA 1) con intervenciones quirúrgicas habituales. Método: Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: control y snorkel, en forma aleatoria, una vez obtenido el consentimiento informado. El grupo control recibió inducción con el método común de la máscara del sistema de Jackson Rees, mientras que al grupo experimental se le aplicó la técnica del snorkel. En ambos grupos se evaluaron datos de base, tipo de operaciones, tiempos de inducción y memoria de recuerdo. En todos los casos se empleó Sevorane como agente anestésico inhalatorio. Resultados: Los tiempos de inducción fueron más cortos en el grupo snorkel que en el grupo control (p = 0.0001). La cooperación fue más frecuente en el grupo experimental, como también la memoria de recuerdo, que permitió la descripción del juego previo antes que la del acto operatorio en sí mismo, con menor percepción del dolor. Conclusiones: El uso de actividades lúdicas, en este caso usando la técnica del snorkel, acorta los tiempos de inducción anestésica inhalatoria en niños de 3 hasta 8 años de edad,facilita y promueve su cooperación y permite un mejor recuerdo postoperatorio, sin recuerdo preciso del dolor.


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Pediatrics , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Methyl Ethers/administration & dosage , Masks , Play and Playthings , Data Interpretation, Statistical
17.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-41478

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) Success rate of using fresh gas flow (FGF) 1 l.min(-1) compared to 2 l.min(-1) in pediatric patients 2) Necessity of using anesthetic agent analyzer 3) predicting volatile anesthetic concentration 4) cost difference. METHOD: Seventy-seven patients (age 10 days to 8 years) who underwent general anesthesia were randomly allocated into 2 groups: the control group (FGF 2 l.min(-1)) and the study group (FGF 1 l.min(-1)). Outcome measures included system leakage, SaO2, PECO2, FiO2, Fi and FeN2O, isoflurane dial setting, Fi and Fe isoflurane, isoflurane mass consumed and sodalime used. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups regarding demographic data, duration of surgery and anesthesia. Success rate in using FGF 2 l.min(-1) was 100% and FGF 1 l.min(-1) was 92%. All failure cases (8%) were due to system leakage. The necessity of using a capnometer was similar at 5.3-7.7% in both groups. FiO2 was > or = 0.3 at any time. FiN2O and FeN2O were not different. Fi isoflurane was 13-15% lower than dial setting. Overall savings from using FGF 1 l/min was 37.8%. CONCLUSION: FGF 1 l.min(-1) could be safely used in most pediatric patients with lower cost. Capnometer was recommended, whereas FiO2 and Fi isoflurane could be clinically adjusted


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Child , Child, Preschool , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Infant , Oximetry , Volatilization
18.
JBP rev. Ibero-am. odontopediatr. odontol. bebê ; 7(39): 484-489, set.-out. 2004. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-518378

ABSTRACT

O uso de sedação consciente através do óxido nitroso associado ao oxigênio é uma técnica que leva a um estado mínimo de depressão de consciência, que melhora a cooperação do paciente, pois diminui sua ansiedade sem que efeitos colaterais importantes sejam notados. A questão da segurança da técnica de sedação consciente por oxigênio/óxido nitroso reside no fato de os equipamentos utilizados para esta finalidade possuírem quesitos de segurança que devem ser cuidadosamente observados, e que são mencionados e ressaltados nesta revisão de literatura.


Subject(s)
Conscious Sedation , Nitrous Oxide/therapeutic use , Equipment Safety/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Equipment and Supplies , Security Measures/standards
20.
São Paulo; s.n; 2004. [131] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-397882

ABSTRACT

O abuso da cocaína é frequente, podendo levar a óbito por arritmias cardíacas (fibrilação ventricular) infarto agudo do miocárdio (espasmos nas coronárias). Entretanto, é pouco conhecido o efeito da cocaína na perfusão do território esplâncnico e na mucosa gastrointestinal tem sido implicada na gênese da sepse e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Fato este, atualmente bem explorado através da tonomeria gástrica, podendo assim melhorar o prognóstico na terapêutica em pacientes graves. /We made a transversal study in a homogeneous group of rheumatic patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation. We determined plasma levels of the following proinflamatory cytokines : Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF ) and its soluble receptors type I and II ( sTNFR I and sTNFR II ), Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and its soluble receptor ( IL-6R ), interleukin-1 beta ( IL-1 beta ), antagonist of the IL-1 receptor ( IL1-RA ) and endothelin-1. The -308 genetic polimorphism os the TNF gene was made. Plasma levels of TNF, IL-6 and sTNFRI were increased in asymptomatic and symptomatic in relation to controls. There were similar levels of cytokines in asymptromatic and symptomatic patients. The polimorphism TNF 1/2 was more frequent in asymptomatic patients. Increase of ventricular diameters was correlated to decrease...


Subject(s)
Male , Dogs , Anesthesia, General/methods , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Cocaine/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Splanchnic Circulation , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Regional Blood Flow , Prognosis
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